Use and effectiveness of dapagliflozin in routine clinical practice. An Italian multicenter retrospective study

In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to confer glycaemic and extra-glycaemic benefits. The DARWIN-T2D (DApagliflozin Real World evIdeNce in Type 2 Diabetes) study was a multicentre retrospective study designed to evaluate the baseline characteristics of patients receiving dapagliflozin vs those receiving selected comparators (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, gliclazide, or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists), and drug effectiveness in routine clinical practice. From a population of 281 217, the analysis included 17 285 patients initiating dapagliflozin or comparator glucose-lowering medications (GLMs), 6751 of whom had a follow-up examination. At baseline, participants starting dapagliflozin were younger, had a longer disease duration, higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration, and a more complex history of previous GLM use, but the clinical profile of patients receiving dapagliflozin changed during the study period. Dapagliflozin reduced HbA1c by 0.7%, body weight by 2.7 kg, and systolic blood pressure by 3.0 mm Hg. Effects of comparator GLMs were also within the expected range, based on RCTs. This real-world study shows an initial channelling of dapagliflozin to difficult-to-treat patients. Nonetheless, dapagliflozin provided significant benefits with regard to glucose control, body weight and blood pressure that were in line with findings from RCTs

Schwingungsspektroskopie: Programmsammlung für Programmrechner Texas Instruments SR 52

We present 13 programs for the calculation of vibrational spectroscopic problems applied to small molecules with high synvnetry. The programs are compiled for the well known programmable packet calculator Texas Instruments SR-52. To the special problems, the mathematical formulas, input and output instructions, several numerical examples, literature and the programs with comments are given. Order n = 1: The force constants, isotopic vibrational frequencies and the vibrational amplitudes are calculated for the two mass system XY ($\underline{C}_{\infty\upsilon}$). For the three mass system XY$_{2}$ ($\underline{D}_{\infty h}$) only the force constants and isotopic frequencies are calculated. Order n = 2: For the three mass systems XYZ ($\underline{C}_{\infty\upsilon}$) and XY$_{2}$ ($\underline{C}_{s\upsilon}$) the inverse matrices G of the kinetic energy are presented. For complete sets of data (with isotopic frequencies, Coriolis coupling constants etc.) the complete force constant matrices are calculated. For non complete sets of data one starts in most cases with diagonal force constant matrices. The complete force constant matrix $\underline{F}$ is calculated with a minimalisation approximation. The eigenvector matrices $\underline{L}$ result from the $\underline{G}$ - $\underline{F}$ - and $\underline{N}$-matrices. The $\underline{N}$-matrices are calculated from the $\underline{G}$- and $\underline{F}$-matrices or from the $\underline{F}$- and $\underline{L}$-matrices respectively. Order n = 3: The matrix $\underline{G}$ of the system XYZ (C$_{5}$ ) is calculated. For higher orders n, the "isotopic reduction method" for the calculation of single force constants of proper systems is described

A Facile Approach toward 8-O-4'-Neolignans: Synthesis of Threo-7',8'-Dihydromachilin D through Jacobsen Epoxidation

 Neolignans are natural phenylpropanoid dimers with C-O-C linkages. Currently, neolignans remain as im­portant synthetic targets due to their reported biological potential against parasites and fungal infections. Thereof, a new approach for the synthesis of the 8-O-4'-neolignan 7',8'-dihydromachilin D based on Jacobsen epoxidation as key step is described here. This stereoselective synthesis proceeded in only 4 steps in 3.9% overall yield. Jacobsen epoxidation was firstly optimized regarding to yield and enantioselectivity employing trans-stilbene as model substrate

Glucose challenge increases circulating progenitor cells in Asian Indian male subjects with normal glucose tolerance which is compromised in subjects with pre-diabetes: A pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Haematopoietic stem cells undergo mobilization from bone marrow to blood in response to physiological stimuli such as ischemia and tissue injury. The aim of study was to determine the kinetics of circulating CD34⁺and CD133⁺CD34⁺progenitor cells in response to 75 g glucose load in subjects with normal and impaired glucose metabolism.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Asian Indian male subjects (n = 50) with no prior history of glucose imbalance were subjected to 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 24 subjects had normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 17 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 9 had impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The IGT and IFG subjects were grouped together as pre-diabetes group (n = 26). Progenitor cell counts in peripheral circulation at fasting and 2 hour post glucose challenge were measured using direct two-color flow cytometry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The pre-diabetes group was more insulin resistant (p < 0.0001) as measured by homeostasis assessment model (HOMA-IR) compared to NGT group. A 2.5-fold increase in CD34⁺cells (p = 0.003) and CD133⁺CD34⁺(p = 0.019) cells was seen 2 hours post glucose challenge in the NGT group. This increase for both the cell types was attenuated in subjects with IGT. CD34⁺cell counts in response to glucose challenge inversely correlated with neutrophil counts (ρ = -0.330, p = 0.019), while post load counts of CD133⁺CD34⁺cells inversely correlated with serum creatinine (ρ = -0.312, p = 0.023).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There is a 2.5-fold increase in the circulating levels of haematopoietic stem cells in response to glucose challenge in healthy Asian Indian male subjects which is attenuated in subjects with pre-diabetes.</p

Herbivoria de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: tetranychidae) induz defesa direta em morangueiro?

Plantas de morangueiro Fragaria x ananassa podem apresentar mecanismos de defesa direta e indireta contra herbívoros. Tais defesas podem alterar o comportamento e o desenvolvimento dos ácaros fitófagos e seus inimigos naturais, reduzindo a taxa de herbivoria. Testou-se o efeito da préinfestação de plantas de morangueiro por Tetranychus urticae Koch sobre o seu desenvolvimento e reprodução. Plantas de morangueiro cultivar IAC Campinas foram divididas em dois grupos: plantas limpas e plantas pré-infestadas por T. urticae. A infestação prévia de plantas de morangueiro por T. urticae não alterou a duração das fases imaturas, a fecundidade e a sobrevivência das fêmeas do ácaro. Tais resultados podem estar associados à inexistência ou baixo nível de resistência induzida da cultivar IAC Campinas, ou ainda, ao fato de a pré-infestação ter sido insuficiente para induzir defesa. Assim, a resistência relatada na cultivar IAC Campinas a T. urticae pode estar relacionada às defesas indiretas

Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae in organic and conventional maize crops.

The natural biological control of soil pests is poorly studied. Notably, the control of Helicoverpa armigera in the pupae stage is unknown. To increase knowledge about the control of this pest in organic and conventional maize crop, tests were conducted to verify if the duration of pupae availability in days, the type of crop treatment (organic and conventional), the stage of crop development, and the depth of the soil significantly affect predation by natural enemies. The pupae availability time (days) in the soil did not affect their removal by natural enemies. However, in the fallow stage, on the surface and in the reproductive phase, the predation was higher. In organic maize, predation was 15% higher when compared to conventional maize. The rupture of the soil and the possible losses associated with beneficial fauna were the main factors responsible for higher predation during fallow, so conservationist practices usually used in organic treatment are the main reason for higher predation in this type of crop. There is a significant decrease in the control of H. armigera pests by natural enemies when maize is grown using conventional practices, what reinforces the importance of the conservation techniques used in maize crop

Dinâmica populacional de Catarhinus tricholaenae keifer (diptilomiopidae: acari) sobre cultivares de milho Bt.

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